The History of Algeria
200,000 BC to the Present Day
Aterian Civilization (sites of Bir el Ater, south of Annaba, and in the Nementcha at 70 km south of Tebessa, to the extremity of djebel Onk).
Sites of snail shell mounds near Constantine and in the Sahara: Capsians were escargot eaters.
Recent Neolithic in Sahara (humid): Brilliant Civilization (engravings and cave paintings of the Tassili n'Adjjer).
💡 Did you know?16th Century to 9th Century BC: Probable descendants of the Capsians came into contact with "people of the Sea" and learned Aegean and Anatolian techniques: the Sahara became barren and empty.
The earliest evidence of human habitation in Algeria, featuring remarkable rock art documenting the transition from hunter-gatherers to pastoral societies.
Arrival of the Phoenician and foundation of the merchant colonies of Hippo-regius and Utica.
Treaty between Rome and Carthage, Rome recognized the commercial monopoly of Carthage in the western Mediterranean.
Commercial Treaties between the Punics and Romans.
Punic wars (264 BC to 241 BC/ 218BC to 201 BC/ 149 BC to 146 BC).
Kingdoms of Numidia : Syphax, Massinissa and Jugurtha.
Jugurthine Wars between Jugurtha, king of the Numidians, and the Romans.
Numidia became a Roman province.
Romanization of North Africa.
Invasion of the Vandals.
Byzantine Conquests of North Africa.
Numidia, the first Berber state, produced legendary kings whose legacy of resistance echoes through Algerian history.
Arrival of the Arabs: Led by Oqba Ibn-Nafaa;
Rostomid dynasty.
Fatimid Dynasty.
Zirid dynasty.
Hammadit dynasty.
Almoravid Dynasty.
Almohad dynasty.
Zianid dynasty.
The arrival of Islam transformed Algeria, with successive Berber dynasties creating powerful kingdoms and architectural masterpieces.
fight against the threat of Spanish occupation, Kheireddine Barberousse placed Algiers under protection of the ottoman Sultan of Istanbul.
Reign of the "Beylerbeys" (23 Beylerbeys took power).
Reign of the Pachas (about 40 pachas took power).
Reign of the "Aghas"(about 4 aghas took power).
Authority of the deys-pachas (11 deys took power) Algiers withstood English and French aggressions (1678,1680,1682,1688).
Authority of the Dey (18 deys took power, the latest was Dey Hocine).
The Regency of Algiers became a dominant Mediterranean naval power, evolving from direct Ottoman rule into an autonomous military republic.
Disembarkation of French forces on the coast of Sidi Fredj.
Signature of the agreement of submission by the Dey of Algiers.
Resistance of Emir Abd el-Kader who made his authority recognized on the center and the west of Algeria as the Algerian State.
Resistance of Ahmed Bey in the East of Algeria.
Desmichels Treaty concluded between France and Emir Abd El Kader.
Treaty of Tafna concluded between General Bugeaud and Emir Abd El Kader.
Revolt of Benacer Ben Chohra in the Center and the Southeast of Algeria.
Revolt of the oasis of Zaatcha and Zibane conducted by Sheik Bouziane.
Revolt of Cherif Boubeghla and Fatma N'soumer in Djurdjura and in Kabylia.
Revolt of Ouled Sidi-Cheikh.
Revolt of Hadj Mohamed El Mokrani Boumezrag and Cheikh El Haddad.
Revolt of the Touareg in the Hoggar under the lead of Sheik Amoud Ben Mokhtar.
Creation of the "Movement of the Algerian youth",(in French :"Mouvement de la Jeunesse Algerienne) directed by the émir Khaled. Creation in Algiers of "The association of the Muslim Students of North Africa"( in French: "L'Association des Etudiants Musulmans de l'Afrique du Nord"(A.E.M.A.N.)
Creation in Paris of "The North African star",( in French: "l'Étoile Nord Africaine") by El-hadj Ahmed Messali.
Creation in Paris of "The association of the North African Muslim Students",( in French "L'Association des Etudiants Musulmans Nord Africains -A.E.M.A.N.F).
Creation of "L'Association des Oulamas Musulmans" by Sheik Abdelhamid Ben Badis.
Creation in Algiers of "the Party of the People of Algeria",( in French: "Le Parti du Peuple Algerian P.P.A) by El-hadj Ahmed Messali.
Ferhat Abbas presented to the allies in WW2 the "Manifesto of the Algerian people" requesting the equality between the Muslim and European communities.
Massacres of Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata, about 45,000 people killed.
Ferhat Abbas created "The Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto') In French. "l'Union Democratique du Manifeste Algerien (U.D.M.A) El-hadj Ahmed Messali created "the Movement for the Triumph of The Democratic Liberties"(in French: "Le Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (M.T.L.D).
Creation of "the Special Organization". (in French : "l'Organisation Spéciale).
Starting of the Algerian revolution.
The Algerian issue placed on the agenda of the U.N.
Congress of the Soummam and Creation of the "National Council of the Algerian Revolution " ( In French : le Conseil national de la Révolution algérienne C.N.R.A.) and "the committee of coordination and application " (In French: le Comité de coordination et d'exécution C. C. E).
Creation of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic. " in French: Le Gouvernement Provisoire de la Republique Algerienne (G.P.R.A.)" presided by Ferhat Abbas.
Benyoucef Ben Khedda became the 3rd President of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic.
Signature of the Evian agreements between the F.L.N. and the French Government.
Proclamation of the cease-fire.
Installation of the Provisional Executive in "Rocher Noir" (Boumèrdes).
Referendum on self-determination, (99.7% in favour of independence).
Proclamation of the independence of Algeria.
132 years of colonial rule were met with fierce resistance, culminating in the 1954–1962 War of Independence.
Election of the first constituent assembly.
Proclamation of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.
Constitution of the first government of Algeria.
Admission of Algeria to the U.N.
Adoption by referendum of the first constitution of Algeria.
Election of Mr. Ahmed Ben Bella to the Presidency of the Republic.
Adoption of the Charter of Algiers by the 3rd congress of the F. L. N. (National Liberation Front).
Creation of the Council of the Revolution presided by Mr. Houari Boumediene.
Nationalization of mines.
First local election (A.P.C (Municipalities) and A.P.W. (Provinces/Regions).
French army left the bases of Reggane and Bechar.
Withdrawal of the French army from the naval base of Mers El-Kebir.
Nationalization of hydrocarbons.
Adoption by referendum of the National Charter.
Adoption by referendum of the second constitution of Algeria.
Election of Mr. Houari Boumediene as President of the Republic.
Death of President Houari Boumediene.
Election of Mr. Chadli Bendjedid as President of the Republic.
Reelection of Mr. Chadli Bendjedid as President of the Republic (2nd term).
Protests in several cities of Algeria.
Adoption by referendum of the revision of the Constitution.
Reelection of Mr. Chadli Bendjedid as President of the Republic (3rd term).
Adoption by referendum of the fourth constitution of Algeria.
Proclamation of the state of siege.
Dissolution of the People's National Assembly (Parliament).
Resignation of President Chadli Bendjedid.
Creation of the Higher State Council (in French :Haut Conseil de l'Etat -H.C.E.) under the presidency of Mr. Mohamed Boudiaf.
Declaration of the state of emergency.
Creation of a National Consultative Council.
Assassination of the President of the Higher State Council, Mr. Mohamed Boudiaf.
Mr. Ali Kafi became President of the Higher State Council.
End of the Higher State Council, Mr. Liamine Zeroual is designated as Head of State.
Creation of the National Council of Transition (in French: Conseil National de Transition).
Mr. Liamine Zeroual elected President of the Republic.
Referendum on the fifth Constitution of Algeria.
Pluralist legislative election.
Pluralist local Election.
Mr. Liamine Zeroual announced early presidential election.
Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika elected President of the Republic.
Adoption by referendum of the Law on the civil concord.
Constitutionalisation of Tamazight (Berber Language) as national language.
Second pluralist legislative election.
Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika re-elected President of the Republic.
Adoption, by referendum, of the National Charter for Peace and Reconciliation.
Revision of the Constitution of Algeria.
Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika re-elected President of the Republic.
Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika re-elected President of the Republic.
Revision of the constitution.
Start of the peaceful popular movement (Hirak).
Resignation of President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA.
Election of Mr. Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as President of the Republic.
Modern Algeria navigates nation-building, economic sovereignty, and democratic aspiration while preserving its revolutionary spirit.